Which websites
block AI crawlers?
We resolved 30 AI user-agents against the live robots.txt of 389 well-known websites. Every verdict below is measured, dated, and traceable to the rule that produced it. We read them again every week, and the change log records who changed their rules.
See the AI Visibility Index — openness ranked by sector and by provider
Which crawlers get blocked most
Blocking is not evenly distributed. Training crawlers are declined far more often than the search and on-demand fetchers that produce citations — which is the distinction most publishers are actually trying to draw.
| User-agent | Operator | Purpose | Sites blocking | Share |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CCBot | Common Crawl | training dataset | 94 | 24% |
Bytespider | ByteDance | model training | 92 | 24% |
ClaudeBot | Anthropic | model training | 85 | 22% |
Applebot-Extended | Apple | Apple Intelligence control | 81 | 21% |
Diffbot | Diffbot | structured-data extraction | 77 | 20% |
GPTBot | OpenAI | model training | 76 | 20% |
Meta-ExternalAgent | Meta | model training | 71 | 18% |
Amazonbot | Amazon | model training | 71 | 18% |
cohere-ai | Cohere | model training | 67 | 17% |
Google-Extended | Gemini training control | 63 | 16% | |
Omgilibot | Webz.io | training dataset | 59 | 15% |
PerplexityBot | Perplexity | search indexing | 57 | 15% |
Timpibot | Timpi | training dataset | 56 | 14% |
YouBot | You.com | search indexing | 54 | 14% |
Perplexity-User | Perplexity | on-demand fetch | 50 | 13% |
ImagesiftBot | ImageSift | training dataset | 50 | 13% |
PetalBot | Huawei | search indexing | 46 | 12% |
Meta-ExternalFetcher | Meta | on-demand fetch | 45 | 12% |
Claude-SearchBot | Anthropic | search indexing | 42 | 11% |
Claude-User | Anthropic | on-demand fetch | 42 | 11% |
MistralAI-User | Mistral AI | on-demand fetch | 41 | 11% |
DuckAssistBot | DuckDuckGo | on-demand fetch | 41 | 11% |
AI2Bot | Allen Institute for AI | model training | 41 | 11% |
ChatGPT-User | OpenAI | on-demand fetch | 40 | 10% |
Google-CloudVertexBot | Vertex AI on-demand fetch | 38 | 10% | |
OAI-SearchBot | OpenAI | search indexing | 27 | 7% |
GoogleOther | research and development fetch | 26 | 7% | |
ElevenlabsCrawler | ElevenLabs | model training | 18 | 5% |
ElevenlabsBot | ElevenLabs | on-demand fetch | 16 | 4% |
Bingbot | Microsoft | Copilot search index | 1 | 0% |
How this was measured
For each domain we requested /robots.txt once, over HTTPS, on the apex and then www. The file was parsed into groups and each of the 30 user-agents resolved against it: a direct group wins, otherwise the wildcard group applies, otherwise the crawler is recorded as not listed. Domains that returned nothing on either host are excluded rather than guessed at. A site we have read before keeps that reading, with its date, for up to 13 weeks, so 389 of the sites attempted have a readable policy.
What this does not measure: whether any crawler honoured the policy, whether the content is useful once fetched, or anything about pages behind authentication. robots.txt is a voluntary protocol and a stated preference.
Browse by category
| Category | Domains | Block ≥1 crawler | Median access |
|---|---|---|---|
| News publishers | 44 | 40 | 47% |
| Technology media | 25 | 20 | 68% |
| Developer references | 34 | 3 | 100% |
| SaaS platforms | 54 | 6 | 100% |
| AI companies | 28 | 4 | 100% |
| SEO and marketing tools | 26 | 2 | 100% |
| Hosting and infrastructure | 23 | 0 | 100% |
| Reference and research | 25 | 9 | 100% |
| E-commerce and retail | 19 | 7 | 100% |
| Finance and business media | 29 | 10 | 100% |
| Government and institutions | 19 | 1 | 100% |
| Health publishers | 16 | 7 | 100% |
| Travel | 19 | 7 | 100% |
| Social and media platforms | 28 | 15 | 97% |
Every domain measured
Sorted by the share of tracked AI crawlers permitted, lowest first.
Where does your site sit?
Review your current robots.txt policy and read the ChatGPT citation guide for the training-versus-search distinction. The AI crawler directory explains what each bot does, and the change log shows which sites changed their rules.
Cite this data
You are welcome to quote or republish these figures. Please credit IndexHalo with a link to this page (CC BY 4.0). All our datasets are on the data page.
CITATION
IndexHalo. "AI crawler access across major websites." Measured 3 November 2026. https://www.indexhalo.com/ai-crawler-report/LINK HTML
<a href="https://www.indexhalo.com/ai-crawler-report/">AI crawler access across major websites, IndexHalo</a>Reachable is not the same as citable.
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